9. INITIAL "ELEMENTARY" PARTICLES and THEIR EXITED STATES
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They are figured on a
figure 9.1.1.
From a constitution of muons it is visible, that there can not be a
neutral muon. Though official physics also considers a muon as a
"high-gravity" electron not clearly for what intended, their
constitution completely miscellaneous, therefore electron can not be an initial
particle for a spectrum of masses of leptons (t-lepton and yet not opened high-gravity leptons), and
those is a muon. "But the muons are not stacked in the scheme of
elementary particles, as we present it to ourselves (on presentation of
orthodoxes any particle - interaction mediator - V.K.) now: there is an
impression, that the muons are not necessary at all. When the muons were
opened, hoped, that they will appear particles, accountable for nuclear forces
(i.e. carriers of a strong interaction). ...has appeared... what exactly pions,
which one strongly interact with nucleons, instead of is gentle interacting
muons, are particles determining a nucleon - nucleon forces. The muons have
appeared without business and remain "unemployeds" till now.
...Electrons is fine manage it the role in the nature, it is not required by it
to any help from muons. Probably, the muons are electrons - jumbos incidentally
created by the nature". J.B. Marion, Physics and physical world,
"World", М.,
1975, page 611.
In new physics the question is not pertinent at all: for what this or
that particle is necessary? All that can arise - arises, and all that can
originate - takes place. With that by success it is possible to put problems -
for what the silicon either tin is necessary, or any other chemical element,
for what the satellites to planets are necessary etc. All increasing number of
opened "elementary" particles will force of orthodoxes, eventually,
to refuse idea of conformity of a particle to any fundamental interplay. Is
rather characteristic of the logician of orthodox thinking: everything, which
is not stacked in it Procrustean bed - «anomalously», «incidentally», «does not
correspond to an actuality».
Now it is impossible experimentally to carve out relativistic increase
of a particle mass from relativistic increase of its electric charge, if the
charge varies, the official notions outgo from an invariance of electric
charge. We shall consider, that if any charged particle (for example, electron)
bodily enters in a structure of a elementary particle, for compensation of
increase of its electric charge, as the charge is conditioned by an own angular
momentum a neutrino, it is necessary in a structure of a elementary particle
should include and electronic antineutrino (or electronic neutrino for a
positively charged particle). Thus the minimum of potential energy of a system
as a whole is reached. We shall meet a similar piece of a constitution of
particles in a neutron and other particles.
Let's count up mass
of muons. An electron or the positron in a muon will have an angular momentum 
, as is present at a muon bodily.
The muonic neutrino or antineutrino has a moment /2, and electronic neutrino or antineutrino /2×137.0391. Neglecting last value in view of its
smallness and sum up all values, we shall receive 1.5. Therefore, the main quantum number (MQN) of a
muon is equal 1.5. Multiplying this value on the mass contents of unit MQN:
70.03 MeV, we shall discover mass of a muon 105.045 MeV. Experimental value of
mass of a muon 105.658387 MeV. Some difference of theoretical and experimental
value should not confuse the reader, since usage MQN is only first nearing in
calculation of masses of elementary particles and it is necessary still to
allow for radius of a trajectory of components of a particle.
For any particles we easily can find bond energy. The common increment
of mass is equally arranged on a relativistic increment of measured mass and
bond energy, according to the virial theorem and our previous reason. The
rest-mass 
is
peer 206.77m0. The increment of measured weight will make 206.77-1
= 205.77m0, since the weights of "rest" 
and
very
much are small. Same mass will leave and on bond energy, which one will make
205.77×0,511
= 105 MeV. The computed values of bond energy for all particles coincide with
experimentally retrieved, which one, for example, it is possible to look in the
book: "About a systematization of particles", Atomic publishing
house, М.,
1969, page 86-87.
At almost 100% of
probability of decay: 
and 
, decays: 1. 
e
(<1.6×10-5 %), 2. eee
(<1.3×10-7
%) and 3. e (<6×10-9 %) indicate a
capability of association a muonic neutrino with an electronic antineutrino
(for 
)
with formation of two photons (1), or pair an electron - positron (2), or one
of photons fades, since completely transmits the energy to products of decay
(3).
I shall remind the reader the formula (5.4.4):
where: r -
radius of a particle in fm (10-13 cm), m - particle mass in
MeV.
Substituting in
(5.4.4) N = 1.5 and mass of a muon 105.658 MeV, we shall discover its
radius equal 2.8014 fm, i.e. practically equal radius of an electron. This
coincidence not incidentally. Will below be shown, that the radiuses of the
majority of particles little differ from a radius of an electron and in this
sense of elementary particles are similar to atoms also little distinguished on
the sizes from each other.
From the obtained
data it is easy to determine mass by everyone component in total mass of a
muon. So, the electronic neutrino will have mass, approximately, rest-masses of
an electron twice there are less, i.e. 0.255 MeV, the electron will have mass
twice more muonic neutrino, accordingly, 70.269 MeV and 35.134 MeV.
The muon is an
ancestor of a spectrum of masses of other more high-gravity leptons (now,
while, one is known only: 
-lepton). Therefore, though the -lepton
is formal has not whole MQN, equal 25.5, but its mass is more than mass of a
muon on an integer N. Really: (1784.1-105.66) /70.03 = 23.97
24. The
constitution -lepton is similar to a muon; only instead of
the muonic neutrino on orbit of a particle is -neutrino. A ratio of masses
between an electron, electronic neutrino and t-neutrino
same, as in a muon, but on an absolute value these masses in 17 times more. As
more composite formation, the t-lepton is less stable, than muon,
their life time, accordingly, 0.303×10-12 sec and 2.19703×10-6 sec.
Is logical to
suspect, that it consists of an electron and positron rotated around of common
center of gravidynamic interplay. It is necessary at once to update, that the
term "is logical to suspect" though is fair, but does not mirror that
long-lived and agonizing logical process, which one behind it is hidden,
therefore here of logician is strong only "by back mind".
Opportunely to recollect
positronium also is representing an electron and a positron, but the attraction
between which one implements not gravidynamic, and electrostatic interplay
because of considerable spacing interval between an electron and positron. The
positronium can be in a para-condition with a magnetic moment of an electron
and positron, directional in the counter sides, life time of 1.25×10-10 sec, at an
annihilation two gammas of a quantum will be forms, since at "impact"
an electron and positron moves in one side (fig. 9.2.1a).
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The small life time a
para-positronium is determined by that an electron and positron because of an electrostatic
attraction destabilize each other on orbit and the slightest asymmetry results
in its progressive increase down to annihilation.
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For ortho-positronium (Fig.9.2.1b) the magnetic moments of an electron and
positron are directed to one side, life time of 1.4×10-7 sec, at an annihilation three
gammas of a quantum will be forms, since at "impact" an electron and
positron moves in the opposite direction. The much more continuous life time is
determined ortho-positronium by that an electron and positron because of an
electrostatic attraction steady each other on orbit and at small asymmetry, it
self-destructs. It is easy to count up to ensure formation 2
at motion in one
side and 3 at counter motion, during an annihilation,
the angle 
(fig.9.2.1c) between tangents in point
of intersection of orbits of an electron and positron should make 67020'.
If orbits of an
electron and positron considerably to reduce so that has taken effect
gravidynamic interplay instead of electrostatic, we shall receive, accordingly,
a para-
(fig.9.2.1a) with a magnetic moment to equal zero point and it is ortho-
(fig.9.2.1b) with a magnetic moment equal 2
. Because of strong of
gravidynamic interplay not only it is ortho- to exist can not, but
also orbits in a para- are mated, as shown in a figure 9.2.2.
From a constitution
of a neutral pion it is visible, that it MQN N=2, since an electron or
the positron on orbit has an angular momentum . Therefore its mass will be: 70.03×2 = 140.06 MeV. Experimental value
of mass 134.9739 MeV. The experimental value of mass is appreciable smaller
anticipated confirms a conclusion, that gravidynamic interplay between a
neutrino and the antineutrino is more gentle than those between a like neutrino
(compare an electron and photon). The electrostatic attraction between an
electron and positron in a neutral pion, naturally, can not indemnify this
weakness.
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In the chapter about the theory of a nucleus the definite role of a
neutral pion in nuclear processes will be shown. Official physics allocates 
-mesons the
main liability for nuclear forces. "The pions are carriers of a field of
nuclear forces, they for the first time were postulated by Yukawa for
theoretical explanation of nuclear forces. According to the meson theory of
nuclear forces, the nucleon interplay results from exchange -mesons. Each
nucleon is surrounded by a cloud of pions having the small size. At approach of
nucleons up to spacing interval, approximately to equal sizes of a pion cloud,
between nucleons there comes a strong interaction conditioned by exchange by -mesons".
N.I. Kariakin etc., Brief reference book on physics, "
Main channel of decay of a neutral pi-meson: 98.83%. All
remaining observed channels of decay make particles, which one in the sum give
an integer of photons.
The rest-mass is
peer 264.14m0, subtracting from this value two rest-masses of
an electron, we shall receive a increment of measured mass 262.14m0.
It also will by a main body of electron-binding energy and positron in and
corresponds 134 MeV. Energy of an electrostatic bond will make 1 MeV
(calculation on obtained below radius of a pi-meson). The common bond energy
will be 135 MeV. Here, for a muon, and further for all particles of calculating
values of bond energy coincide with experimental, therefore especially on it to
pay attention in further we shall not be.
Substituting mass of a neutral pion in (5.4.4), we shall discover radius
of orbit of an electron and positron in equal 2.924 fm.
From a figure 9.2.2 is visible, that the -meson to itself and antiparticle. Therefore
neutral pion is an ancestor of a spectrum of masses of neutral mesons
consisting from an electron and positron. Below we shall see that the charged
pions have same MQN, as a neutral pion, though have completely other
constitution. Therefore it is possible formally to consider elementary
particles with close masses as sublevels of a definite quantum level. Then, for
simplification, it is possible to all light mesons (not doing distinctions in
their constitution, i.e. initial mother particles) adduced in one graph.
Naturally, that in this case in the same quantum condition there can be some
particles. Such graph is adduced on a figure 9.2.3.
The denotations on
the graph are shown in table 9.2.1.
Table 9.2.1.
|
Denotation |
MQN, N |
Titles of elementary
particles and resonances |
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1 |
2 |
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2 |
8 |
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3 |
11 |
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4 |
14 |
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5 |
15 |
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6 |
17 |
h1(1170) |
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7 |
18 |
b1(1235), a1(1260), f2(1270), f1(1285) |
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8 |
19 |
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9 |
20 |
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10 |
21 |
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11 |
22 |
f1(1510), f¢2(1525) |
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12 |
23 |
f0(1590),
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13 |
24 |
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14 |
26 |
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15 |
29 |
f2(2010), f4(2050) |
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16 |
33 |
f2(2300), f2(2340) |
(770), 
(783)
(1020) On a figure 9.2.4
and in table 9.2.2 the similar data for cc--mesons are
adduced.
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Table 9.2.2.
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Denotation |
MQN, N |
Titles of
elementary particles and resonances |
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1 |
43 |
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2 |
44 |
J/ |
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3 |
49 |
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4 |
50 |
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5 |
51 |
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6 |
53 |
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7 |
54 |
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8 |
58 |
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9 |
59 |
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10 |
63 |
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All of cc--mesons
are neutral particles - spectral serial of masses, an ancestor by which one is
the neutral pion. That can be told and about bb--mesons,
which one are shown on a figure 9.2.5 and in table 9.2.3.
I want to pay
attention the reader to large values MQN of "resonance" particles. It
does not speak that similar particles is very complex are arranged. For
example, "resonances" with MQN 151, 155 and 157 of table 9.2.3 are
disintegrated only on a pair: the electron - positron (is natural, with huge kinetic
energy). Then it is possible to consider resonance particles it is possible
consider strongly as "compressed" photon. At motion with speed of
light, one revolution on orbit with radius of an electron, the neutrino passes
for 6×10-23 sec.
Table 9.2.3.
|
Denotation |
MQN, N |
Titles of
elementary particles and resonances |
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1 |
135 |
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2 |
141 |
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3 |
143 |
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4 |
146 |
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5 |
148 |
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6 |
151 |
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7 |
155 |
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8 |
157 |
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Practically all
"resonances" have a life time that of the order; therefore time of their
life suffices not so much on existence, how much on formation of products of
decay.
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Solving the problem about a spin of "elementary" particles, it
is necessary to mean, that it is necessary to understand it not a moment of
momentum, bound with rotation of a particle about own the axis, and with motion
it on orbit or coils of a screw line. And the spin needs to be carved out from
a magnetic moment. If the mechanical moment can have zero value only at counter
orbital motion, the magnetic moment can be zero and at one orbit of particles
of miscellaneous electric charges, and the sense of a zero mechanical moment
can be only formal-mathematical, but not physical, since by stopping one of
particles, it is necessary to stop and another. For example, for a -meson
the magnetic moment is peer to zero point, and mechanical is peer to the
doubled orbital moment of an electron. The own moment of momentum of a particle
is very small in comparison with its orbital moment, that is apparent from
common sense. In this connection, we by concept of a spin to use frequently we
shall not be, since a mechanical moment and the magnetic moment of a particle
completely depletes the given problem. Here opportunely to recollect an
isotopic spin. Esteeming a constitution of a proton and neutron, and also , 
, 
and
similar "isotopic multiplets", it is possible to be convinced that
the concept of an isotopic spin not only is needless, but also basically is
harmful, since integrates particles anything common among themselves not
having. Prolonging this thought and running forward, we shall make the
following categorical application: in a microcosmos there is no particular law
missing in a macro world. The modern physics in every possible way aims to
reduce quantity of "elementary" particles to a minimum, since their
increasing number puts insuperable difficulties before the orthodox theory. By
one of "ways" to reach it is the introducing of concept of an
isotopic spin. Pursuant to this concept such particles, as a proton and neutron
are considered as one particle ("an isotopic doublet"), and three
pions (neutral and charged) - "an isotopic triplet" etc. The theory
of an isotopic spin is formal-mathematical with full absence of clear physical
notions, therefore here it is not sense it to introduce even briefly.
Are figured on a
figure 9.3.1.
Pair: the muonic
neutrino - muonic antineutrino is possible to esteem, as a
"high-gravity" photon in a structure of charged pions. Apparently,
such photons should meet and in a free kind.
MQN of a charged pion
is equal 2: (+/2+/2). Therefore its mass will be: 2×70.03 = 140.06 MeV. Experimental value of mass
139,5675 MeV. As more composite formation, the charged pions are less steady,
than the muons and are disintegrated with probability practically 100 % under
the scheme: 
+ and +
For them
other decay schemes, are possible for example: (1.24×10-4 %) at which one the
exuberant energy will forms a photon at the expense of a smaller fraction
transmitted to products of decay as kinetic energy. The more composite process
is possible, at which one and annihilation with formation
of two photons (the energy third is completely transmitted to products of
decay) which one, in turn, will forms an electron - positron a pair which is
formed ,
and remained electron (or positron) and 
(or )
scatters. The general process will be such: e+ (1.02×10-8 %).
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The rest-mass of a charged pion makes 273.15m0. The increment
of measured mass will make (in relation to a muon): 273.15-206.77 = 66.38m0.
A rest-mass a muonic neutrino we shall neglect. Energy of connection of a muon
and muonic neutrino will make: 66.38×0.511 = 34 MeV. During decay of a pion with formation of a -meson
the process goes in such a manner that the observed bond energy will be
absolutely small. Radius under the formula (5.4.4) will make 2.8277 fm.
Here it is time to
formulate a following rule being to straight lines a consequent of the formula
(5.4.4): any elementary particles for which one the rest-mass
("fixed") can be measured, except for a proton (and antiproton), have
radius to close classic radius of an electron. It is explained to that the
gravidynamic system with such radius has a minimum of potential energy, thus
the force of universal repulsing of any component particle is peer to force of
gravidynamic attraction it to center of orbit and is gentle depends on mass component.
Naturally, that for a relativistic particle this rule does not approach, since
its radius is inversely proportional to a relativistic increment of mass. It is
fair and for any constituent of an elementary particle. The formulated rule is
not diffused to particles formed an electronic neutrino with an own moment,
distinct from /137, for example, on a proton. The described condition of elementary
particles can be esteemed as the first exited state concerning free stable
particles, on which one it is disintegrated. It is possible to call this
condition metastable. More exited states have smaller radius of orbit of
components and their large masses. The decay more exited states, naturally,
takes place much faster. From the point of view of new physics the speed of
decay of elementary particles does not determine "gentle",
"electrostatic" or "strong" interplay, which one are
operated with official physics.
The decay of charged
pions under the scheme: 
is very interesting, though probability
it and low (1.24×10-4
%). It is possible to consider, that at this channel of decay a muonic neutrino
annihilation with formation of three photons, the energy which one is
completely transmitted to products of decay, i.e. the photons fade. However
more possible the point of view, according to which one an own moment of
momentum of an electron, as well as other components elementary particles can
receive some quantized values, i.e. in an exited state is not only particle as
a whole, but also its separate parts. In such case the charged pion can be
formed only by pair an electron - antineutrino or positron - neutrino, as shown
in a figure 9.3.2. Such point of view allows to explain presence of several
particles with same MQN (sublevels of a spectrum of masses), and also numerous
bifurcations of channels of decay, specially of high-gravity particles having
for this purpose large capabilities.
The increment of
measured mass for a considered case will make 273.15-1 = 272.15m0.
Energy of connection will make 272.15×0.511 = 139 MeV. Radius of orbit and mass of a pion will stay almost
former, since the value MQN for an electron in this version of a pion will be
equal 2. In this case with probability 3×10-8 % is watched decay of a pion
under the scheme: 
, which one now is explained by a natural
image, as transition of value of a moment of momentum of the freed electron in
a normal condition with emission of a photon.
Thus, the experimental data indicate
that not only the orbital mechanical moment of elementary particles can be in
an exited state or other quantum condition, as for planets, but in similar
condition can be and own moment of the constituents them.
Not the preservation,
so-called, parity at decay of pions is visible from their constitution. Let's
take, for an example, on a figure 9.3.2. On a principle of
conservation of moment of momentum, if at decay of a pion the neutrino will
begin to move to us on a left-screw line, the positron will move to the counter
side on a right-screw line. At decay the picture of motions
components is completely opposite, i.e. as a whole, acts the “combined parity
conservation law in weak interactions” being anything by diverse, as by a
principle of conservation of moment of momentum under this ornate by the
formulation". We are once again convinced that there are no particular
laws of a microcosmos, they are single for all levels of universe.
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The charged kaons are figured on a figure 9.4.1.
Orthodox physics
attributes kaons to "strange" particles. "The carrier of an
electromagnetic interaction is the photon (process of the Dirac). At a weak
interaction, a representative example which one is the beta-decay, the electron
and antineutrino (process the Fermi) is released. The process of the Yukawa
links high-gravity particles (nucleons) with -mesons. Process the Fermi
links high-gravity particles with light. However in this scheme are not stacked
and
to К-mesons and
hyperons, which one were called by virtue of it "as strange"
particles". N.I. Kariakin etc., Brief reference book on physics, "
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Each pion has an own moment 2 (whole electron and the positron) to which one is added for orbit of a kaon, plus an
angular momentum of an electron or positron equal . Thus, MQN of a charged kaon will
make N=7, and its mass: 7×70.03 = 490.21 MeV. Experimental
value of mass 493.646 MeV. On a figure 9.4.2 and in table 9.4.1 the spectrum of
masses of particles is shown, the parents which one are the charged and neutral
kaons.
Table 9.4.1.
|
Denotation |
MQN, N |
Titles of
elementary particles and resonances |
|
1 |
7 |
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2 |
13 |
К*(892) |
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3 |
18 |
К1(1270) |
|
4 |
19 |
К*(1370) |
|
5 |
20 |
К1(1400), К2*(1430), К0*(1430) |
|
6 |
24 |
К*(1680) |
|
7 |
25 |
К2 (1770), К3 *(1780) |
|
8 |
29 |
К4 *(2045) |
, КThe kaons demonstrate
to us large variety of decay schemes permitting to open many secrets of a
matter, but this work does not put by the purpose an in-depth analysis of particular
problems. Major task it to contour the main, principled positions. Therefore
from all versions of charged kaons we shall select most interesting with this
point of view. By consideration of charged pions we have found out, that the
own moment of an electron can receive heightened quantum values. If for a
mobile electron the own moment is in the first quantum condition, and bound in
one of versions of a charged pion in second, why can not have third quantum
condition? Then a decay scheme and constitution of a kaon will be similar to
the applicable pion. The described kaon should have such decay: 
+
in case of
decay with preservation of an exited electron (the probability of such decay,
already is possible to tell, probability of formation of such kaon in a mixture
of kaons 1.24×10-5
%) or: + +2 with
a normal electron, but in the latter case two photons will forms an electron -
positron a pair, i.e. and the summary process will be such: (probability of this
decay 5 %), that is natural, since the first decay scheme is less expedient energetically.
Such kaon is figured on a figure 9.3.2, only radius of an electron will be
less, than in a pion. With the same basis the above described processes can be
esteemed as an annihilation of electrons and positrons in neutral pions, which
one enter in a structure of a charged kaon with formation of four photons.
These photons can or completely transmit the energy to products of decay or the
part them remain.
If by a rest-mass a
neutrino again to neglect, the increment of measured mass will make: 966.38-1=965.38m0.
Energy of connection will make: 965.38×0.511 = 493 MeV. Naturally, that observed bond energy in case of
formation at decay of a kaon will be considerably
below.
Spectrum of masses of kaons and
their resonances very visually demonstrates sublevels of quantum levels, i.e.
in the same quantum condition there can be some particles. It can be seen on a
figure 9.4.3. On an ordinate axis the masses of particles from table 9.4.1 in
terms of a mass equivalent of a main quantum number, and on an abscissa axis -
integers are lay off.
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From a figure it is visible, that the
masses of particles in a sublevel can differ from each other, at least, on 70
MeV, that indirectly indicates an exited state not only particles as a whole,
but its separate parts. The accounts demonstrates, that during life of a
resonance particle (and their overwhelming majority in a world of elementary
particles) its components in many cases have no time to make even of one
revolution on orbit. Here it is possible to approve doubts of official physics
whether to consider resonance particles as the valuable or certain transient
forms to comparatively stable particles.
We can already make
of a constitution of the reviewed particles the relevant conclusion that the
grouping of "elementary" particles on rest-masses does not give the
depleting information on them. Each "elementary" particle represents
a mixture diversified on a constitution of particles (isomers). The close
values of masses of particles of this mixture grow out as properties of three
fundamental particles, they consist of which one: a neutrino, electron and
proton, and summary MQN for a particle. Each particle represents as though
molecule of chemical combination of these fundamental particles and to group
them on rest-masses all the same what to group chemical combinations on
molecular weights. Then in one heap there are such anything common among them
not having, as, for example, CH4, O, NH2 for which one the molecular
weight is peer 16. Therefore experience of principles of chemical
classification of substances, in this case, will be more exact and useful. For
example, the positronium and is represented by particles of one
structure e+e-, but miscellaneous constitution,
i.e. it is two isomers. Precisely as K+ and structure e+
also
represent isomers of one particle. Apparently as well that all other characteristics
of "elementary" particles such, as a life time, electric charge,
spin, baryon charge, strangeness, charm, the quarks, moreover and
"color" and other can not serves the basis for classification of
particles neither separately, nor jointly. Nay, they drive a problem of the
single theory of "elementary" particles in dead dock. The basis of
rational classification can be only constitution and structure of
"elementary" particles. That concerns to atoms, atomic nuclei and to any
other particles at all levels of universe keeping in processes, interesting for
us, the individuality. The most considerable achievements of new physics of a
microcosmos are obtained just on way of consideration of particles structure.
For official physics such way is in principle impossible, since on an entrance
the lock of an indeterminacy relation of the Heisenberg hangs.
The maximum
likelihood of decay of a charged kaon (63 %) is watched on a following channel:
.Looking
on a main channel of decay 
we shall see that most. Therefore kaon
of this version can to adduce the same particle, as bulk of pions only with the
increased own moment of momentum of a muon (as a matter of fact of electron or
positron). The increment of measured mass in relation to a muon will make:
966.38-206.77 = 759.61m0, accordingly, the bond energy in
this version of a kaon will make 388 MeV.
Pay attention to that
in powerful a gravidynamic field of a elementary particle and at relativistic
velocities of motion of its constituent representing other elementary particle,
the life time of this constituent is considerably augmented. Probably, it could
be infinite, if the mother particle existed eternally. So, the free neutral
pion exists
8.4×10-17 sec, and in a
charged kaon not less than 1.24×10-8 sec.
Are figured on a
figure 9.5.1 and represent a mixture of isomers of one composition, but
miscellaneous structure. Because of it, at same mass, the life time 
makes
0.8922×10-10 sec, and 
5.17×10-8 sec. By replacement of
particles on antiparticles ( remain, since it to ourselves an
antiparticle) we shall receive one more version and , which one do not need to be
figured on a separate figure.
If the charged pion
is more high-gravity neutral approximately on 4 MeV and it is conditioned
miscellaneous by gravidynamic interplay of pairs a neutrino - neutrino and
neutrino - antineutrino, the neutral kaons are more high-gravity than charged
on same 4 MeV, since in their structure instead of a neutral pion there is
charged.
68.4 % all is
disintegrated on + .
Whence here arises ?
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with a photon gives a pair the muonic neutrino and antineutrino, which
one together with an electron and electronic antineutrino give . Bulk (35.2 %) is disintegrated so: +
+, i.e. two photons completely transmit the energy to
products of decay, and fade. Naturally, that such decay is watched also, in
which one the neutral pion remains whole: +++. Though the channels of decay of kaons are
multiple, all of they are easily explained on the basis of a constitution
already of reviewed particles, therefore there is no sense to stop on it more
in detail. In spite of the fact that in neutral kaons a total number the
electronic neutrino is equal to number an antineutrino, they are not
simultaneously particles and antiparticles, as neutral pions because of oddness
MQN (N = 7).
Is figured on a
figure 9.6.1.1.
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It represents an
electron and electronic antineutrino rotated around of a proton. The magnetic
moment of a proton, equal 2.79
not only is compensates "by an electronic
current" on orbit, but also exceeds it on 1.9. Therefore orbital magnetic
moment of an electron makes 4.69 nuclear magnetons.
From (4.4) we shall
discover radius of orbit of an electron around of a proton, considering, that
it creates the moment, equal 4.69=4.69×0.50504×10-23
ergs×gauss-1, and the charge
of an electron e = 4.8029×10-10 CGSE, which one has appeared equal 0.986 fm.
In this case, at usage of the
formula (4.4) it is necessary to mean, that the charge an antineutrino is peer
+ 0.5 (in units of an elementary charge), and the charge of an electron on
orbit around of a proton will be increased at the same value, therefore in the
formula it is necessary to substitute value only of one elementary charge.
The rest-mass of a neutron exceeds all on 2.53m0 mass
of a proton, instead of on 70.03 MeV as it would be possible to expect and it
indicates on gentle gravidynamic interplay between a proton and electron (on
orbit with an angular momentum the
electronic mass owes increase approximately in 137 times). To be disassembled
with this problem, we are addressed to so-called e-capture (it still
calls to К-capture).
About e-capture we look also in the chapter: "Theory of nuclei of
atoms". Essence it that high-gravity nuclei is a lot of protons concerning
an equilibrium value captures the proximate orbital electron (with to К-shell in a
nomenclature of official physics). Thus one of protons of a nucleus is
transformed into a neutron with emitting an electronic neutrino. The atom thus
beams a characteristic X-radiation at the expense of filling of vacancy
by other electron and the nucleus thus appears more often exited and beams -quanta.
The process of e-capture
gives a key to new physics to comprehension of the structure of a neutron.
Pursuant to the general law of aiming of any system to a minimum of potential energy,
at which one the system becomes maximum steady, proximate (is not necessary) to
a nucleus an electron releases a photon of x-ray range, which one picks
up completely orbital angular momentum of an electron, equal . This photon in a field of a
nucleus is disintegrated on an electronic neutrino and antineutrino, and the
"stopped" electron drops on a nucleus. Naturally, that an electron
completely to be stopped can not, its angular momentum remains equal /137.0391. Therefore electron will
forms with a proton of a nucleus dwarf "atom of hydrogen" - neutron.
As the formation of a neutron in essence does not differ from formation of atom
of hydrogen, we can (with looking back on relativistic increase of electronic
mass) to use the applicable equations for atom of hydrogen. For example, radius
of steady orbit of an electron in a neutron (ground state) we shall discover,
by substituting in (2.3) values 
in 137.039 times smaller. It then will
be equal in accuracy to radius of a mobile electron. As an electron in a
neutron in 2.53 times (if not to allow an electronic antineutrino) augments
mass, that, following to a law of conservation of angular momentum, radius of
its orbit will less in as much time and will make 1.11 fm, that practically
corresponds to radius counted on a magnetic moment of a neutron. The additional
decreasing of radius of an electron in this case is aroused by electrostatic
interplay with a proton.
Thus, the neutron is minihydrogen and in the whole picture is received
such, as if the proton is inside an electron. "There are all reasons to
guess, that elementary particles, as well as the atoms, have a composite
constitution. Last years were conducted experiments on dissipation of electrons
of high energy on nuclei of hydrogen and deuterium. It is possible to explain
some outcomes of these experiments if to suspect, that the proton and neutron
is represented by electric charges, distributed area of radius about 0.8×10-13
cm (for a neutron the positive and negative charges are peer among themselves
and are arranged by concentric layers)". G.E. Pustovalov, "Atomic and
nuclear physics". Publishing House of the
All exited states of nuclei of atoms are connected, as well as in atom
of hydrogen, to exuberant energy of an electron in a neutron, and g-radiation of nuclei - consequent of
motion of an electron into steady orbit. Thus, as well as in atom, is watched
quantumness, conditioned by the same value of an angular momentum for any
photons. Below in the theory of nuclei of atoms the additional capabilities -radiation
by atoms is uncovered.
Neutron and all
particles described below and inclusive in the structure a proton, are baryons
(in a nomenclature of a modern physics) and save "a baryon charge".
The stability of a proton and preservation "of a baryon charge"
orthodox physics does not understand, but it is apparent in direct sense of
this word, outgoing from a constitution of particles tendered new physics. All
baryons in a structure have a proton (or antiproton for true antibaryons).
"The baryons are particles, which one can be transformed into protons or
to be received from them. Essentially it means following. The protons, i.e.
nuclei of atoms of hydrogen, seem completely non-erasible. Generally speaking,
it would be quite possible to present, that a proton and electron in atom of
hydrogen can annihilation with each other. They have equal on value and
electric charges, opposite on the sign, therefore conservation law of a charge
would not be disturbed, and any other obvious conservation laws, which one
prohibited this process, in physics does not exist. However we know, that
actually this process does not take place. ...The protons can be transformed
into neutrons, and neutrons - in protons (as it is known from a phenomenon -decay);
thus are born or the leptons are occluded, but the neutron, as well as proton,
concerns to the class of baryons. Thus, we can formulate a conservation law of
"baryon number", which one mirrors (but does not explain) this
visible stability of a proton, though the nature of this law remains
obscure". "Fundamental structure of a matter",
"World", М., 1984, page 86-87.
From a constitution
of a neutron it is visible, that it is steadiest of all "elementary"
particles, except for fundamental. Its relative instability is connected to
presence of an exited state of an electron, which one aims to take a ground state
(to become free). What for antineutrino is necessary for a neutron we have
found out earlier. Here opportunely to recollect that fact, that the electron
released by a neutron, has predominantly left-screw helicity. It explains by
"weak interaction". However from a figure 9.6.1.1 is visible that
releasing the antineutrino (from us) with a right-screw helicity, electron, on
a principle of conservation of moment of momentum, flies in the counter side
(to us) with a left- screw helicity.
It is interesting to mark
that circumstance, that at decay of a neutron though an electron will be
formed, but its angular momentum in the first moment is peer not , and /137.0391, i.e. the electron in this moment is
look-alike to a "superconducting" electron in metal at temperature of
a superconductivity (see chapter about a superconductivity).
Allowing a
constitution of a neutron, is undeserved the discarded hypothesis about a
protonic-electronic constitution of a nucleus of atom it is possible to
consider almost fair, naturally, at the other level.
The antineutron
consists of an antiproton, positron and electronic neutrino, i.e. is a true
antiparticle in relation to a neutron, therefore annihilation of a neutron and
antineutron results in their decay on light particles, as well as annihilation
of a proton and antiproton. It cannot be told about depicted below hyperons (in
a structure which one the proton is mandatory). It is confirmed by that in
products of decay of known hyperons the proton or neutron is watched. The true
antihyperons should in products of decay contain an antiproton or antineutron.
The
interplay of elementary particles has more often resonance nature. Let's
consider this feature on an example of interplay of a proton and electron. In
usual conditions this interplay results in formation of atom of hydrogen. This
resonance very broad also does not result in formation of new elementary
particles. The interplay ceases at energy of an electron superior ionization
energy of hydrogen. The reacting of an electron with a proton with formation of
a neutron has a rather narrow resonance and will be realized already under
certain conditions. We now will be interested by a straight line reacting of a
proton and electron: p+e4 (we look a constitution of
a proton and electron). This reacting till now is not realized, though has not
the principled physical prohibitions for the implementation. It is needless to
remind, that the practical implementation of such reacting gives mankind a
cheap and inexhaustible energy source. That two neutrinos of an electron interacted
from two antineutrinos of a proton with formation of two photons (two
"photon" already are available for a proton), it is necessary, that
the condition an electronic neutrino corresponded to a condition an
antineutrino in a proton. For this purpose before interplay the relativistic
electronic mass should make third of mass of a proton i.e. 312.8 MeV. The
reacting will be watched in conditions of a very narrow resonance. As a result
of reacting four identical photons with energy everyone 312.8 MeV are received.
The common scoring of energy on each act of interplay will make 938.4 MeV.
9.6.1.1. The generator of neutrons
On the basis of
enunciated notions about a superconductivity and constitution of a neutron (see
chapter "Neutron") occurs an opportunity of practical manufacture of
the cheap generator of neutrons and, accordingly, solution of a problem of unbounded
production of energy, since with the help of neutrons exothermic nuclear
reactions of synthesis and decay of heavy nuclei easily are carried out.
Simultaneous becomes clear the answer to a problem: whence in space in
sufficient amount there are neutrons a average time of life which one makes
only 16 minutes.
For formation of a
neutron, the electron in a state of superconductivity should be captured by a
proton thus the neutron will be formed, which one represents
"minihydrogen" - proton around of which one the electron is gyrated
with an angular momentum 
where - fine structure constant. The sizes of a
neutron are peer to the sizes of an electron, i.e. the proton is inside an
electron. As the existence of a "bare" proton in metal is impossible,
but only as atoms of hydrogen, the pulsing or continuous irradiation of a
superconductor by resonant photons with energy about 13.6 eV for ionization of
hydrogen is necessary. The forming thermal neutrons are guided to the relevant
target for embodying exothermic nuclear reaction. The more perspective and
productive generator of neutrons can appear electrolysis of a solid electrolyte
in requirements of a superconductivity of electrodes. Thus on a negative
electrode instead of hydrogen the neutrons should be generated.
As it is possible to
guess, as in standard conditions in metal always there will be "cold"
electrons, the concentration which sharply one decreases with temperature rise
from points of a superconductivity, but does not become zero, it is possible to
offer one more expedient of generation of neutrons. At electrolysis of acidic
water solution on a negative electrode there is a following process: H3O++e-H+H2O
(1). Now we shall suspect, that we promptly have replaced polarity of a
electrode and it has become positive. The atomic hydrogen formed from
hydroxonium by not having time to be turn into molecular starts to participate
in process: H–e- p+
(2). If now again promptly to replace polarity of a electrode, that a
"bare" proton by not having time to form hydroxonium of starts to
participate in process: p++e- H+n
(3), that is hope, that alongside with preferred formation of an atomic
hydrogen there will be also free neutrons at the expense of "cold"
electrons. Apparently, that for rise of efficiency of reaction (3) electrodes
should be manufactured of a material, in which one the superconductivity is
watched at as much as possible maximum to a heat. In it there will be a
heightened concentration of "cold" electrons and at standard
temperature, and the frequency of change of polarity should be such, that the
reaction products were in a free state no more than 10-8 seconds,
that corresponds to frequency of the generator of 100 MHz.
Thus, the basic idea
of deriving of neutrons by linking an electron dispossessed angular momentum on
a screw trajectory, with a proton can be implemented by different paths.
At space alongside
with customary there should be "cold" electrons, which one in
requirements of low temperatures at collisions with other particles possessing
enough small energy, have lost an angular momentum and have ceased to move on a
screw trajectory. In requirements of a high vacuum (infrequent collisions) such
electrons can exist continuous time, capture their protons and formation of
neutrons therefore is possible. Mass of a neutron 1838.65 me,
mass of a proton 1836.12 me. At formation of a neutron of a
proton and electron the incremental value of measured mass makes
1838.65-1836.12-1 = 1.53 me. Same mass will leave on a
binding energy, which one will make 1.53·0,511=0.78 MeV. Energy of an
electrostatic bond will add still, approximately, 1 MeV. Therefore, at
formation of a neutron the electronic - positron pairs or photons with energy
about 1.8 MeV should be radiated. The detection of such radiation will confirm
the enunciated mechanism of formation of neutrons in space. The formation of
"cold" electrons in space also is encouraged by their often
collisions with relict photons, it is easy to them to transmit an angular
momentum of an electron.
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Is figured on a figure 9.6.2.1 in version of a main channel of decay
(65.3 %): 
P++. MQN
of a proton is equal 13 if formally to divide its rest-mass on 70.03 MeV:
938.27231:70.03 = 13.4. As an electronic neutrino in a proton have an own
angular momentum not equal to those in an electron, also mass contents of
"proton" unit MQN will differ from "electronic", equal
70.03 MeV. We shall discover it, substituting in the formula (5.4.4) radius,
retrieved by us, of a proton (0.631 fm) and its rest-mass (938.27 MeV). Under
these data "proton" MQN of a proton N=3,000, as it was
necessary to expect, since the proton contains three pairs a neutrino.
Therefore mass contents of "proton" unit will be: 938.27:3 = 312.8
MeV. Except for endorsement of a constitution of a proton this calculation
nothing gives, therefore by "proton" units to use we shall not be,
allowing that circumstance, that "a baryon charge" non-erasible in observed
range of energies. "There is an impression, that the high-gravity
particles can not fade - completely to be disintegrated on light. Can be;
behind it disappears any great sacrament of the nature, which one is not
uncovered yet. For now physicists have called all particles is more
high-gravity than a proton by baryons, and property, storable by them
"weight" - baryon charge. To a proton have assigned value of a baryon
charge В=1.
From the table of decays it is visible, that the products of decay of baryons
necessarily contain on a proton, and besides only on one. It means that the
baryon charge for all baryons is peer +1". About a systematization of
particles, Atomic publishing house,, М.,
1969, page 92.
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As we have found out earlier, the whole pion on orbit gives the
contribution to 3 units MQN. Thus, MQN will be
peer 16, therefore, its mass: 16×70.03 = 1120.48 MeV. Experimental
value of mass of this hyperon 1115.63 MeV. The -hyperon
is the parent of a spectral serial of masses of particles imaged on a figure
9.6.2.2 and tables 9.6.2.1.
Table 9.6.2.1.
|
Denotation |
MQN, N |
Titles of
elementary particles and resonances |
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1 |
16 |
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2 |
20 |
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3 |
22 |
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4 |
24 |
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5 |
25 |
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6 |
26 |
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7 |
30 |
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8 |
33 |
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Here opportunely to
recollect "strange" particles to which one attribute hyperons on that
basis, in particular, that, for example, mass on 37.7 MeV is more than
summary masses of a proton both pion and defect of mass
linking these particles as if is not present. It is a vivid example of
groundless carry of interplay of nucleons in nuclei of atoms on interplay in
"elementary" particles. Sequential usage of this error has resulted
in completely absurd notions about the structure of particles, when consider,
that the light particles consist from more high-gravity, i.e. the part is more
whole.
From a figure 9.6.2.1
and all previous clear that the pion, rotated on orbit is more high-gravity
than a free pion and defect of mass linking components hyperon, certainly, is
and makes same 37.7 MeV. Therefore "strange" particles essentially do
not justify such title.
Leaves, that in the modern theory of
particles all is put from legs on a head, since it is considered, that the
light particles consist from high-gravity, the defect of mass which one execute
bond. In what physical nonsenses such notion has resulted it is well known,
though we have be used to them also by those not we consider. The acceptance of
model of atom, in which one an electron as a matter of fact does not move, and
distribution of properties of atomic nuclei with an obvious immovability of
nucleons, when the connection implements only defect of mass components, on a
world of elementary particles have resulted, as a consequent, that we now have.
Strange in all it only that common philosophical the approach and common sense
were skipped in a favour to the seeming facts, differently it should to be
excruciated by problems: why the God for a microcosmos has created other laws,
having apparent weakness for sample solving problem? Why the parts can be more
whole? How a consequent last - why we a microcosmos should consider fixed?
Now we can place all
on the places and to remove all dislocations. For this purpose it is necessary
to add only, that the nuclei of atoms represent analog of crystal lattice, and
the connection of nucleons implements a gravidynamic field, i.e. the nucleons
are connected, as small magnets and really "are immobile" in that
sense, as we speak about "immovability" of atoms in points of lattice
of solids.
Following under the
order MQN, the conditioned constitution of a particle, instead of its exited
state will be 17. Mass of such particles: 17×70.03 = 1190.5 MeV. An experimental rest-mass 
1189.37
MeV, 
1192.55
MeV, 
1197.43
MeV. The possible versions of a constitution 
-hyperons are figured on a
figure 9.6.3.1.
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Probably, that the basic version is exited (i.e. incorporating photon
with N=1) 
-hyperon (figs. 9.6.2.1), therefore neutral
sigma - hyperon practically in 100 % cases is disintegrated on a -hyperon
and photon. A charged sigma - hyperons basically are disintegrated on a neutron
and pion of the applicable charge. On an example the sigma - hyperon is well
visible a correlation between their charge, rest-mass and life time. In process
of increase of a negative charge of a shell ambient a proton, it augments mass
at the expense of decreasing radius of orbit and, accordingly, strength, that
results in increase of a life time (1189.37 MeV, =0.799×10-10 sec; 1197.43
MeV, =1.479×10-10 sec). The presence in
a structure is confirmed by decreasing of a life
time last on 9 orders: =7.4×10-20 sec. Spectrum of masses -hyperons is shown on a
figure 9.6.3.2 and in table 9.6.3.1.
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Table 9.6.3.1.
|
Denotation |
MQN, N |
Titles of
elementary particles and resonances |
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1 |
17 |
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2 |
20 |
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3 |
24 |
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4 |
25 |
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5 |
27 |
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6 |
29 |
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7 |
32 |
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These hyperons are figured on a figure 9.6.4.1.
Almost 100 % of particles
are disintegrated pursuant to their constitution on a figure 9.6.4.1: 
+ , 
+ .
MQN will represent
the sum MQN of a proton (N=13) and two pions on orbit (on N=3 on
each pion). In total are received 19. Accordingly, mass of these hyperons will
be: 19×70.03 = 1330.6 MeV. Experimental
value of a rest-mass 1314.9 MeV, and 1321.32 MeV.
Charged the 
-hyperon is more high-gravity neutral because
of a charged pion in its structure, which one is more high-gravity than a
neutral pion. -hyperons, as well as other particles are
ancestors of a spectral serial of masses of the applicable resonances. The
similar graphs and tables were adduced above; therefore it is not necessary by
them to overload presentation. Already it is clear, that any of known particles
is stacked in a common scheme of the constitution of elementary particles.
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By a main channel of
decay: 
+ 
(67.8
%), it is arranged how is shown on a figure 9.6.5.1.
As MQN of a kaon is
equal 7 (if it is gone on orbit, 8), MQN -hyperon will be 13+3+8=24.
Mass of this particle: 24×70.03 =1680.7 MeV. The experimental value of a rest-mass is equal
1672.43 MeV. The reader can set a quite reasonable problem: at the expense of
that components "elementary" of particles are retained for a proton,
in particular, positively charged? The author has prepared on it the simple
answer - at the expense of gravidynamic analog of force of the Lorentz, since
components of a proton moves in a counter direction.